Face-to-face (Emmanuel Lévinas) is similar to Mikhail Bakhtin's ethical concept in art and answerability and Martin Heidegger's concept of the authentic guilt (present/face-to-face) as opposed to an inauthentic other.

Потустороний = Сверхъестественный (мир)

invat cuvinte si concepte noi de la Bakhtin si Todorov
si scriu eseuri si rezumate
si mananc multa ciocolata
si tre de facut exercitii
si mare alintatura
mau

reminder: Nu exista pe lume leac care sa tamaduiasca ceea ce nu tamaduieste fericirea.
Gabriel Garcí­a Márquez

bravo Bakhtin!

je demande à un littéraire "Qui est Bakhtin?" - "c'est un théoricien de la littérature"
à un folkloriste - "c'est un folkloriste"
à un linguiste -  "c'est sémioticien"
à un philosophe - "un philosophe"

Mikhail Bakhtin

The Utterance or Word

In Bakhtin's view, an expression in a living context of exchange--termed a "word" or "utterance"--is the main unit of meaning (not abstract sentences out of context), and is formed through a speaker's relation to Otherness (other people, others' words and expressions, and the lived cultural world in time and place). A "word" is therefore always already embedded in a history of expressions by others in a chain of ongoing cultural and political moments.

An utterance/word is marked by what Bakhtin terms "Addressivity" and "Answerability" (it is always addressed to someone and anticipates, can generate, a response, anticipates an answer). Discourse (chains or strings of utterances) is thus fundamentally dialogic and historically contingent (positioned within, and inseparable from, a community, a history, a place).

"I live in a world of others' words." (Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 143)

"Any understanding of live speech, a live utterance, is inherently responsive... Any utterance is a link in the chain of communication." (Speech Genres, 68, 84)

"The word lives, as it were, on the boundary between its own context and another, alien, context." (Dialogic Imagination, 284).

Heteroglossia and Polyphony

Speech and complex cultural discourse in all our genres (novels, scientific descriptions, art works, philosophical arguments, for example) is mixed through and through with heteroglossia (an other's speech, and many others' words, appropriated expressions) and are necessarily polyphonic ("many-voiced," incorporating many voices, styles, references, and assumptions not a speaker's "own").

Dialogue/Dialogic/Dialogism

Every level of expression from live conversational dialog to complex cultural expression in other genres and art works is an ongoing chain or network of statements and responses, repetitions and quotations, in which new statements presuppose earlier statements and anticipate future responses.

Nothing conclusive has yet taken place in the world, the ultimate word of the world and about the world has not yet been spoken, the world is open and free, everything is still in the future and will always be in the future. (Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 166)